Passive voice
- Χρησιμοποιούμε παθητική φωνή για να μιλήσουμε για το αντικείμενο (πρόσωπο ή πράγμα) που δέχεται μία πράξη.
Στην παθητική φωνή θυμόμαστε 2 βασικούς κανόνες:
- Το αντικείμενο γίνεται υποκείμενο, το υποκείμενο ποιητικό αίτιο.
John writes a letter🡪 A letter is written by John (ποιητικό αίτιο).
- Για να μετατρέψουμε το ρήμα σε παθητική φωνή βάζουμε το ‘ρήμα to be’ στον χρόνο του ρήματος ενεργητικής φωνής + 3η στήλη.
John writes a letter🡪 A letter is written by John.
Να δούμε αναλυτικά όλους του χρόνους και τύπους παθητικής φωνής:
| Present Simple | John writes a letter. | A letter is written by John. |
| Present Continuous | John is writing a letter. | A letter is being written by John. |
| Present Perfect Simple | John has written a letter. | A letter has been written by John. |
| Past Simple | John wrote a letter. | A letter was written by John. |
| Past Continuous | John was writing a letter. | A letter was being written by John. |
| Past Perfect Simple | John had written a letter. | A letter had been written by John. |
| Future Simple | John will write a letter. | A letter will be written by John. |
| Future Perfect Simple | John will have written a letter. | A letter will have been written by John. |
| be going to | John is going to write a letter. | A letter is going to be written by John. |
| Modal verbs | John must write a letter. | A letter must be written by John. |
| Semi-modal | John has to write a letter. | A letter has to be written by John. |
| Modal perfect | John may have written a letter. | A letter may have been written by John. |
| Infinitive | John needs to write a letter. | A letter needs to be written by John. |
| Gerunds | John keeps writing letters. | Letters keep being written by John. |
Παρατηρήσεις:
Οι χρόνοι Present Perfect Continuous, Past Perfect Continuous, Future Continuous, Future Perfect Continuous δεν σχηματίζουν παθητική φωνή.
1. Το ποιητικό αίτιο μπορεί να παραλειφθεί όταν:
- Εννοείται🡪 The criminals were arrested. (by the police)
- Δεν μας ενδιαφέρει ή είναι γενικό 🡪 Millions of books are read every year. (by people)
- Είναι αντωνυμία 🡪 The door was opened. (by him)
2. Για να μιλήσουμε για εργαλεία με τα οποία γίνεται μια πράξη χρησιμοποιούμε το with:
- He was hit with a branch in the forest.
***He was hit by a car.
- Όταν έχουμε 2 αντικείμενα η παθητική φωνή μπορεί να σχηματιστεί ως εξής:
Susan gave John1 a present2.🡪
- John was given a present.
- A present was given to John.
3. Συχνά η παθητική φωνή χρησιμοποιείται με φράσεις όπως:
It is known/believed/expected/said that etc.
Examples
It is expected that he will have finished the project by tomorrow.
It is known that this painting was sold for millions.
It is believed that the criminal stole the diamond.
Causative
Χρησιμοποιούμε το σχήμα causative για να μιλήσουμε για κάτι που κάποιος άλλος κάνει για εμάς.
Παρατηρήστε τις διαφορές:
Tim’s car broke down.
The car was fixed by Tim. 🡪Tim fixed it himself
Tim had his car fixed. 🡪 Somebody else fixed the car for Tim
Τύποι causative
| Have + something + done | I have my house painted every year. |
| Get + something + done | I got my teeth checked yesterday. |
| Have + somebody + do + something | Liz had her brother clean the house. |
| get + somebody + to do + something | Ryan got Susan to type the reports. |
- Σε κάθε περίπτωση το have/get κλίνεται κανονικά σε όποιον χρόνο θέλουμε.
- Μπορούμε να χρησιμοποιήσουμε το have/get για να μιλήσουμε για ένα δυσάρεστο γεγονός🡪 They had/got their suitcases stolen.
